Ionospheric signatures of repeated passages of atmospheric waves by the 2022 Jan. 15 Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai eruption detected by QZSS-TEC observations in Japan

Abstract A large eruption occurred on Jan. 15, 2022, at the submarine volcano Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai, southern Pacific, and atmospheric Lamb wave was observed to have traveled round Earth multiple times with a speed of ~ 0.3 km/s. Here, I compare their ionospheric signatures using data from dense arrays barometers GNSS stations in Japan. confirmed that disturbances passed over Japan least four times, first SE NW, then NW SE, again finally SE. The propagation velocity as fast wave, suggesting origin upward energy leakage troposphere. passage disturbance started prior arrival pulse, but its physical mechanism is yet be explored. Unlike barometric records, waveforms amplitudes exhibit diversity along wavefront, turbulent nature. Graphical